The concept of public employee promotion and its distinction from appointment (a comparative study).

The laws of the public service of different countries confer multiple rights on those employed in their administrative bodies, in exchange for the duties that they must perform effectively and efficiently, throughout their careers in the public interest. Promotion in the post is at the top of those rights that the public servant looks at with hope and often takes serious steps to achieve the conditions for granting them.  And the circumstances of preventing it, because of the moral and material advantages in the promotion, and with this importance, it is noted that the term (promotion) has not existed in the Iraqi civil service laws since the first law that was enacted in 1931, nor in the three laws that followed, as well as the issue of special job grades is a problem in the mechanism of selection of occupants, and therefore this research comes compared with the Civil Service Law in the Republic of Egypt Arabic, And the Federal Human Resources Law in the State of U.A.E., to determine the researcher the most important thing that can be benefited from and included in our demand to legislate a new law for the public service in Iraq, meets the need of the administrative apparatus and keeps pace with legislation that has made great strides in modernizing it and methods of organization.