Criminal liability for cyber harassment crimes in the Saudi system (a comparative study).

Criminalizing acts and punishing them is one of the most serious issues exercised by the legislative authority, given that the imposition of criminalization and punishment significantly impacts individual freedom. This latter—i.e., individual freedom—remains threatened if there is no criminal law that defines the limits of their actions and specifies all types of prohibited acts due to the social disorder they cause. This principle emerged with the advent of Islamic law, which enshrined it from its inception. Before this era, it was not possible to speak of the principle of legality at all, as the power to criminalize and punish was in the hands of the judge. However, this latter principle was only recognized in modern laws during the French Revolution. Morality is considered the highest goal of the Islamic religion; it has not left any aspect of life untouched but has called for virtues, encouraged adherence to noble morals, and fought against all vices, making morality the most important element in forming an ideal society. Crimes related to violations of morality and honor have varied to the extent that some have become a great danger to society. Among these are harassment crimes, which have spread in Islamic societies due to a weak religious deterrent, numerous distractions and temptations, unclear prescribed punishments for such crimes, and other reasons, which have emboldened some individuals to assault and harass others.